Judicial oversight on adhesion contracts for Hania Mohammed Ali Faqih

Introduction to Psychology Dr. Marwan Taher Al-Zoubi Professor Dr. Youssef Abdulwahab Abu Humaidan Professor Dr. Mohamed Mahmoud Bani Younes Professor Dr. Abata Dhabaan Zahir Dr. Mohammed Abdulrahman Shuqairat Dr. Ashraf Fares Al-Qudah The need for psychology has doubled in recent years worldwide in general and in the Arab world in particular as a result of the developments witnessed by the Arab world politically, economically, and socially. Although psychology has been and still is one of the most researched and discussed sciences in major industrial countries, this interest has not been reflected in the Arab world, and psychology has not become one of the priority sciences like medicine, engineering, and other applied professional disciplines. Psychologists in the Arab world are still few compared to doctors, engineers, and other physical sciences, and many Arab countries still only teach psychology as a passing subject in the first university stage, even though psychology is taught elsewhere as one of the basic subjects in high school, like chemistry, physics, and mathematics. The observer of advanced countries, whether in industry or civilization, finds that their progress is not accidental and did not come out of nowhere. Rather, it is the result of the development of a set of applied and human sciences alike. The civilizational and industrial development was accompanied by the distinction and development of three human sciences: philosophy, psychology, and art. Philosophy is essential for building civilization; a country that does not have its own philosophy will not be distinguished or develop. The follow-up to this matter shows that all developed countries have a philosophy that guides their industry and life aspects. Let us see how Germany adopted the philosophy of durability, quality, and sustainability, which reflected on its industry, culture, and way of dealing with things, while Japan adopted the philosophy of progress and technological development, which reflected on its way of life and areas of distinction. Psychology is one of the essential sciences for civilization because it contributes to building a balanced, aware human being with distinguished abilities, and without it, the state's philosophy cannot be implemented, nor can its industries or civilization be distinguished. Therefore, psychology in civilized countries is among the most sought-after sciences and receives much material and moral support. Art is the nourishment of the soul, which elevates the human being spiritually and physically, helps in thinking, relaxation, and mental and psychological recreation. As the saying goes, "A nation that does not understand the meaning of recreation does not understand the meaning of work!" From this perspective, this book was created to present the Arab reader with basic concepts in psychology written by a group of psychologists in Jordan, specifically those working in the Department of Psychology at the University of Jordan. Each of them presented in their chapters the basic concepts in their field of specialization in a clear manner that an ordinary non-specialist reader and university students interested in learning about psychology can understand. 1. The nature of psychology Human and psychology Definition of psychology History of psychology Concept of behavior in psychology Behavior and environment Psychology studies animal behavior Schools of psychology Old schools Modern schools or trends in psychology Fields of psychology General psychology Developmental psychology Social psychology Learning psychology Experimental psychology Personality psychology Educational psychology Adolescent psychology Psychology of deviance Clinical psychology Psychological counseling Work psychology Applied psychology Psychological measurement Psychology of crime References for Chapter One 2. Research methods in psychology Introduction to scientific research Stages of scientific research Problem formulation Formulating hypotheses Identifying research tools Selecting the sample Experimental analysis Interpreting results Stage of deriving conclusions Research problem How to sense the problem How to formulate the research problem Considerations when defining the research problem Research tools Classification of research in psychology Classification of research methods by time dimension Classification of research methods by the number of participants Classification of research methods by variables used Classification of research methods by their purpose Division of research by nature Descriptive method Experimental method Historical method Correlational method Clinical method Sources of information Primary sources Secondary sources Sample of the study Types of samples References for Chapter Two 3. The role of the nervous and hormonal systems in human behavior Division of the nervous system Relationship between the nervous system and overall human behavior Relationship between the nervous system and cognitive processes First: the relationship between the nervous system and sensation and perception processes Second: the role of the nervous system in organizing attention Third: the relationship between the nervous system and learning and memory processes Fourth: the relationship between the nervous system and memory processes Fifth: the relationship between the nervous system and language processes Sixth: the relationship between the nervous system and intelligence Relationship between the nervous system and non-cognitive mental processes First: the relationship between the nervous system and motivation Second: the role of the nervous system in regulating emotional processes Role of neurotransmitters in overall human behavior Relationship between the endocrine system and overall human behavior References for Chapter Three 4. Sensation and perception Sensation and perception Sensation Concept of sensation How sensation occurs Types of senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, skin senses Some essential concepts in sensation processes Perception Factors affecting perception Characteristics of perception Dimensions of the perception process Perception theories Environmental theory Constructivist theory Models of perception Matching pattern models Feature analysis model Principles of perceptual organization References for Chapter Four 5. Stages of human development The subject of developmental psychology The goal of studying developmental psychology Nature of human growth Scientific foundations for studying human development Characteristics of human growth Stages of human development Prenatal stage (before birth) Birth stage (from birth to two weeks) Infancy (first and second year of the child's age) Early childhood (preschool years 3-4-5) Middle childhood (years 6-7-8) Late childhood (years 9-10-11) Adolescence (from age 12-18) Adulthood (from age 18-60) Old age (from age 60 until death) References for Chapter Five 6. Learning Definition of the learning process Characteristics and functions of the learning process Factors influencing the learning process Measuring the learning process Theories explaining the learning process Associative theories Functional theories References for Chapter Six 7. Human memory Definition of memory Stages of memory Primacy and recency effects Short-term memory or working memory? Components of working memory Memory and context Memory and the effect of context Beyond memory The phenomenon of tip-of-the-tongue The absent-minded mind Memory measurement Free recall Recognition or discrimination Cued recall Measuring the effect of learning Unconscious recall Memory loss Retrograde amnesia Anterograde amnesia Forgetting theories Decay Interference Ways to improve memory Neural basis of memory References for Chapter Seven 8. Intelligence and mental abilities What is intelligence? Is intelligence hereditary or acquired? Theories of intelligence Two-factor theory of intelligence Multiple intelligences theory General mental ability (g) Verbal analytical ability Numerical analysis ability Spatial thinking ability Psychological characteristics of intelligent people Behavioral and personality traits of intelligent people Measuring intelligence Comparison of mental ability with chronological age Assessment of specialized mental abilities Developing intelligence Mental exercises to develop intelligence References for Chapter Eight 9. Human motivation Concept of motivation Motivation theories Humanistic theories Cognitive theories Behavioral theories Internal and external motivation Methods to increase motivation Ten ways to increase self-motivation for study and learning Ten ways to increase motivation for work References for Chapter Nine 10. Human personality Definition of personality Components of personality Normal personality Determinants of personality Biological determinants Environmental and social determinants Geographical determinants Cultural determinants Educational determinants Personality theories Predispositional theories (patterns and traits) Psychodynamic theories Phenomenological theories Behavioral theories Personality measurement References for Chapter Ten 11. Psychological disorders — normal and abnormal Classification of psychological disorders Causes of psychological disorders Models explaining the causes of mental disorders Biological model Psychological factors Types of psychological disorders Anxiety disorders Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders Mood disorders Sexual disorders and dysfunctions Cognitive disorders Childhood and adolescent disorders Eating and binge disorders Somatoform disorders and dissociative disorders References for Chapter Eleven 12. Methods of psychotherapy Historical introduction Psychodynamic therapy (up to late) Goals of psychotherapy according to psychoanalytic theory Methods of psychodynamic therapy Behavioral psychotherapy Some behavioral therapy methods Cognitive psychotherapy Other therapeutic methods References for Chapter Twelve 13. Psychology and social life What is social psychology? Methods of influencing others Persuasion Conformity Obedience Social relationships among adults First: admiration and initial attraction Factors of integration Factors of harmony Factors of physical attractiveness Second: love and long-term relationships What is love? Factors of love persistence Third: hatred, bias, and fanaticism among individuals References for Chapter Thirteen