The Enlightenment Revolution and the Fundamental Intellectual Foundations of Modern Democracy by Jonathan Israel, translated by Hamad Al-Rais

The book "Revolution of the Mind" is a unique model in the history of ideas. Where its author Jonathan Israel goes against the common custom in historical studies, confirming that the idea influences social transformations. Where if the historical methodologies that were formed in the era of scientific positivism in the nineteenth century, made thought subordinate to economic material conditions, or merely a reflection of social and political structures, we find Jonathan overturns this systematic order, confirming that the idea has an active role in directing and shaping history. And as an application of his methodology, the author offers a new reading of modern political history by tracing the influence of Enlightenment philosophers, especially those he calls the philosophers of radical enlightenment.