Principles of Management Science Dr. Hussein Alayan Al-Haramesha Dr. Ali Falah Al-Manaseer Dr. Majed Abdulmahdi Assistant

Principles of Management Science Dr. Hussein Alian Al-Haramsha Dr. Ali Falah Al-Mansir Dr. Majid Abdul-Mahdi Assistance Management in today's world has become an essential tool for any human effort aimed at achieving expected results through coordination among material, financial, human, and technological resources. The comparison and classification of societies are measured by a fundamental criterion: the extent of progress of their institutions and administrative organizations, and the success of managing these institutions in increasing their productive efficiency and providing an appropriate environment for the working individuals within a dynamic changing environment. Contemporary developments in administrative sciences, the impact of technological and cognitive changes in other sciences, the emergence of new concepts and philosophies politically and economically such as globalization and privatization, and the appearance of many challenges facing business organizations during the twenty-first century, require the development of an integrated administrative vision based on a clear and specific philosophy that contributes to increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the administrative manager, and the pursuit of establishing an informational base to assist in performing the assigned tasks in the best possible way. The approach of this book has dictated its contents, as each chapter has been dedicated to each function of the manager, which includes planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. Before that, there is a chapter about management and the manager, a chapter about the development of management thought, and a chapter about the decision-making process for the manager. Therefore, this book contains ten chapters. The first chapter introduces management science, discussing the concept of management, the need for it, and addressing managers in terms of levels, roles, and skills. It then covers management as an art and science, the reasons for the emergence of management science, the administrative process in its various fields, the difference between business management and general management, the relationship between management and other sciences, and finally the challenges faced by contemporary management. The second chapter discusses schools of thought in management, covering the classical school, behavioral school, and modern trends in management, focusing on the main ideas of each theory and their evaluation. The third chapter deals with planning as the first and most important function, covering its concept, the need for planning, its importance, stages, and basic steps. It also discusses types of planning, its characteristics, and obstacles. The fourth chapter addresses administrative decision-making, including its concept, elements, steps, types of administrative decisions, characteristics of good decisions, decision-making conditions, decision models, participation in decision-making, and difficulties encountered. The fifth chapter covers the function of organizational structure, including its concept, elements, benefits, types, and the relationship between authority and responsibility. It discusses delegation of authority and its benefits, centralization and decentralization, responsibility, scope of supervision, and concludes with the characteristics of a good organizational structure. The sixth chapter discusses the organizational structure, including its concept, influencing factors, types, differences among them, models of formal organizational structure, steps in designing it, principles of dividing organizational structures, organizational charts and their types, and finally describes the features of a good (or suitable) organizational structure. The seventh chapter covers leadership and directing, including the concept of leadership, its importance, the manager and sources of their power, leadership styles and influencing factors, leadership theories, trait theories, behavior theories, situational theories, modern leadership trends, and finally the traits of a successful leader. The eighth chapter discusses motivation and human incentives, including the concept and importance of motivation, the motivation process, types of incentives, motivation theories, modern trends in motivation, and questions about motivating employees. The ninth chapter addresses administrative communication, including its concept, importance, the communication process with its elements and components, communication network patterns, methods, types, characteristics of effective communication, obstacles, and ways to improve its effectiveness. The tenth and final chapter concludes with the control function of the management process, including its concept, importance, benefits, its relationship with planning and decision-making, the control process and its types, areas of control, control methods and tools, causes of deviations revealed by control and ways to address them, uses of control results, and characteristics of an effective control system.