The ethical concepts between the credit-based and secular 1/2 parts by Taha Abdulrahman

Contemporary ethical theories claim that they are purely secular theories, and that they can determine the requirements of the "moral transformation" necessitated by the state of the "global society"; however, the Moroccan philosopher Taha Abdul Rahman objects to this double claim; as he sees that these theories, knowingly or unknowingly, constantly rely on faith-based meanings in shaping their concepts and formulating their issues, and they lack the ability to elevate their theorizing to the universal moral horizon that the global shift in moral feeling demands; thus, in this second part, he debates these theories, discussing the ethical concepts they rely on for this purpose, which are: "normative," "deontic," "value," "trust," "responsibility," and "justice"; he demonstrates how these concepts, in important aspects, are a secularization of faith-based meanings, and that the resulting outcomes do not reach the required universal moral horizon; he also clarifies, in contrast, how returning credibly to these meanings, in their origins and truths, enables remedying what these contemporary theories have missed, in order to attain a global sense, expand the scope of interaction, understand the depths of responsibility, and raise awareness of universal justice.