Comparisons and contrasts between the rulings of pleadings, transactions, and boundaries in the Law of the Jews and their counterparts in the pure Islamic Sharia and Egyptian law and other positive laws by Muhammad Hafez

The book "Comparisons and Contrasts" is a book that examines the rulings of pleadings, transactions, and Hudood in the Sharia of the Jews and their counterparts in the pure Islamic Sharia, as well as Egyptian law and other positive laws. This book discusses the similarity and difference in the rulings of transactional issues in religious laws, European rational laws, Egyptian laws, and modern laws derived from French laws. The book contains three parts: the first part: on pleadings in civil and criminal lawsuits, the second part: on the rulings of transactions, which are the rulings of contracts, the third part: on the rulings of punishments and Hudood. The first part contains several sections, some of which talk about "Judiciary" and related matters such as jurisdiction, enforcement, judges' affairs, and their disputes, as well as "Court Sessions," discussing the locations of sessions, their days and hours, the obligation to attend, and matters related to witnesses and their oaths. It also covers "Judgments" and related issues such as default judgments, annulment, and cancellation of judgments, as well as matters related to examining cases, deliberation, and the loss of rights in a lawsuit. It also includes "Enforcement of Judgments," and related matters such as grace periods, waiting, seizing the debtor’s property for sale in debt, seizing what the debtor has with others, seizing crops, seizing the tenant’s belongings, seizing real estate, auctioning after seizure, and the ranking of creditors and their degrees... up to "Establishing Hudood and implementing punishments," which includes flogging, killing, and deprivation of both minor and major. While the second part includes discussions on issues of "Contracting Parties’ Eligibility," "Subject of Contracts," "Interpretation," "Conditions," and "Interpretation," as well as "Types of Undertakings and Contracts," "Joint Liability," "Termination of Undertakings," "Proof of Debts," "Sales," "Inheritances," "Donations and Wills," "Marriage," and the rights of "Usage," "Servitude," as well as contracts of "Lease," "Partnership," "Loan," "Deposit," "Trust," and "Agency." As for the third part, it specializes in crimes and felonies punishable by law, discussing the types and numbers of felonies, crimes committed by those exempt from obligation, and those committed by those exempt from obligation, as well as the offender’s excuse. It also covers punishments and their types, crimes punishable by fine, crimes punishable by exile, crimes punishable by large deprivation, others punishable by flogging, and thirdly, crimes punishable by killing.