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In this book, a new approach to the philosophy of science. It raises the issue of the theory of sciences and outlines its dimensions, from its Greek origins to the beginning of its contemporary transformations. There is a focus on the term "philosophy of science" itself, with clarification of how it is connected to the theory of knowledge generated by Cartesianism and its direct results: rationalism and empiricism. Many epistemological issues related to modern science rely on premises that are rarely demonstrated in a clear and explicit manner. In this book, that is addressed by referring to great philosophers: Kant, Hegel, Popper, Kuhn, and by revisiting forgotten contributions of Bachelard, Canguilhem, Deleuze, and Foucault.