إيساغوجي

The boy Furfaryus al-Suri descended from a noble family in 232 or 233 AD, and his original homeland was "al-Bathaniyya," a village near Damascus. From there, he went to "Sour" and became attributed to it. After gaining a number of religious and philosophical knowledge in his youth that spread in the cities of Palestine and Syria, he moved to Athens and received knowledge from many, then he moved afterwards to Rome and became one of the greatest students of Plotinus and his right-hand assistant in his school, before moving to Sicily. He authored "The Introduction to Aristotle's Sayings" known as "Isagoge" for one of the senators in Rome named Chrysaorius, who was among the students at Plotinus's school, and took knowledge from Furfaryus. Chrysaorius tried to read Aristotle's sayings but failed to understand them, and he wrote to Furfaryus in Sicily telling him his story and asking for his help. Furfaryus composed for him an introduction or entry (Isagoge) explaining the five terms: genus, species, difference, property, and common accident. The matter of this book, which Furfaryus wrote for his friend and student, became famous and played an important role in the history of logic, until Al-Qifti described it by saying: "It has continued to shine until today." The book "Isagoge" was transmitted to us in Arabic by Abu Uthman Saeed ibn Yaqub al-Dimashqi, one of the distinguished translators from Baghdad physicians. He translated this book from Syriac, and Al-Hassan ibn Sawar also had comments on this book, referring to more accurate Syriac copies. In the seventh Islamic century, "Isagoge" became a science not only about the entry to logic and explaining the five universals but also about a summary that includes all branches of logic, namely: inference, proof, fallacy, and poetry. This "Isagoge" is by Atheer al-Din al-Muafadil ibn Omar al-Ahbar, who died around 700 AH. The "Isagoge" al-Azhar gained great fame, and many worked on its explanation. Still, this text and some of its explanations are studied at Al-Azhar to this day. If the "Isagoge" studied today has no relation to Furfaryus's "Isagoge" except in name.