Kleeja with pictures

Kaleela and Dhamna is a book that includes a collection of stories, translated by Abdullah ibn al-Muqaffa from Pahlavi into Arabic during the Abbasid era, specifically in the second century AH, corresponding to the eighth century AD, and he shaped it in his literary style, acting on behalf of the original book. Many researchers agree that the book originates from Indian roots: the five chapters (in Sanskrit: पञ्चतन्त्र; Panchatantra) were written in Sanskrit in the fourth century AD, then translated into Pahlavi in the early sixth century AD by order of Khosrow I. The introduction of the book mentions that the Indian sage "Paitaba" authored it for the Indian king "Dabshalim," and the author used animals and birds as main characters, which primarily symbolize human characters. The stories include several topics, most notably the relationship between the ruler and the ruled, as well as a number of wisdoms and admonitions. When Khosrow of Persia "Anushirwan" learned about the book and its contents of advice, he ordered the doctor "Barzawayh" to go to India and copy what was in that book and translate it into Pahlavi Persian. The book consists of fifteen main chapters containing many stories whose heroes are animals, among the most prominent animal characters in the book are the lion, which plays the role of the king, and his servant the ox, called "Shatrabeh" (or Shanzabeh in some copies), as well as two jackals named "Kaleela" and "Dhamna." It also includes four other chapters that appear at the beginning of the book: the chapter of the book's introduction, the chapter of Barzawayh's mission to India, the chapter presenting the book (translated by Abdullah ibn al-Muqaffa), and the chapter of Barzawayh (translated by Buzurgmihir ibn al-Bukhtakan). The Arabic version of the book played a major role in its dissemination and transfer to other languages of the world, either directly from the Arabic text or through intermediate languages derived from the Arabic text. Old Arab critics classify the book of Kaleela and Dhamna in the first tier of Arab books, considering it one of the four excellent books alongside Al-Kamil for Al-Mubarrad, Al-Bayan wa Al-Tabyeen for Al-Jahiz, and Al-‘Umda for Ibn Rashiq.