لويس

The novel belongs to what can be called (Black literature). And its darkness here is due to its concern with slavery and later (apartheid) related to the racial color of its victims. And I abbreviate here (the term) to American Black literature and not all African continent literature. And this literature is not obscure; on the contrary, it is one of the widely spread literatures both within America, the homeland of (the issue), and around the world. It did not start with the novel (Roots) by (Alex Haley), a novel whose copies were printed in the millions and translated into all written languages in the world. Perhaps the first cohesive literary appearance outside the framework of biographies of slavery victims appeared with (William Wells Brown), who was a slave and escaped from his masters and wrote his first novel (Clotel) in 1853. To begin a new genre of Black literature that moves beyond biographical frameworks and uses artistic narrative techniques. To keep pace with the fluctuations and twists of the violent and bloody conflict within American societies between the insistence of whites on squeezing the last drop of Black sweat to increase their wealth and the rebellions and revolts of Blacks, which were ruthlessly suppressed. Until the famous decree of (Abraham Lincoln) in 1862, which abolished slavery in the southern states. And even this (decree) was not immune to resistance from white masters; they continued fighting until they obtained, in 1896, from the Supreme Court, a law of extreme absurdity; they called it a strange title (Seperate but Equal). Thus, a new chapter of Black suffering began with the laws of segregation in the southern states. Overall, the history of the United States with racism, especially against Black citizens, is very large and violent. Its severity and bloody nature were not alleviated even by the great revolution of the sixties, which was initiated by the duo (Martin Luther King) and (Malcolm X).