About the crisis of Arab societies (in modernity, democracy, and Islam)

Author's name: Burhan Ghalioun Publisher: Al-Markaz Al-Thaqafi Lil-Kitab Year of publication: 2018 Literary classification: General culture Book overview: The resistance to the project of modernity and renaissance did not come from the peoples or societies or from the majority of them, but as no one with reason would overlook, it came from three main forces: Western imperialism first and foremost Israel, and the traditional semi-feudal Arab regimes second, and the Arab social forces that were indeed harmed by the reform modernization measures taken by national governments: removing aristocratic or semi-aristocratic and feudal elites and replacing them with a new elite, often of rural origins, middle class, and popular, and encouraging modern citizenship culture, in contrast to the culture of hierarchy, rank, and discrimination against lower classes, which characterized all traditional regimes, dispossession of feudal land ownership and redistribution, nationalization of banks and private companies.