The Jews in the history of the earliest civilizations

The rise of states and the emergence of nationalities were a warning bell for Jewish communities in Europe; as modern states were built on a racial basis, and Jews living in isolation in the "Jewish Ghetto" did not understand that. Also, Western Europe was dominated by a strong hatred for Jews; which led a great thinker like Max Weber to consider them the source of evil in the world, and Hegel emphasized that the Jewish national spirit did not realize the higher ideals of freedom and reason, and that its rituals are primitive and irrational. Gustav Le Bon followed the approach of European thinkers in their stance towards Jews during that period, and formulated his book "Jews in the History of Early Civilizations" from this perspective; he leveled accusations against them and described them with the ugliest traits, denying any role for them in the emergence of ancient civilizations. Thus, this book represents a mental pattern that prevailed in Europe from the Middle Ages until the mid-twentieth century.