Direct participation in cyber attacks

The book focuses on applying the concept of "direct participation in hostilities," which is a central concept in international humanitarian law, to cyberattacks. The author explores complex questions about when an electronic act can be considered a hostile attack, and who can be considered a "direct participant" in it. The book aims to determine when a person (whether an individual or part of an entity) can lose their protection as a civilian due to their involvement in a cyberattack, and thus become a legitimate military target. It also addresses the legal responsibility resulting from this participation, and discusses how principles of international humanitarian law such as distinction and proportionality can be applied in the complex cyber space. This book is an important reference for specialists in international law, criminal law, and cybersecurity, as it provides insights into how to bridge legal gaps caused by the rapid development of cyber warfare and to identify the responsibility of involved parties.