Calendar of countries

The book "Taqwim al-Buldan" is a massive geographical and historical work, authored by Abu al-Fida, who was the Emir of Hama and a prominent scholar in the eighth Hijri century (14th century AD). This book is considered one of the most important and accurate geographical references written in the Islamic Middle Ages. The most important contents of the book are characterized by the scientific methodology adopted by Abu al-Fida in describing the known world of his time. The book consists of several main parts: a scientific introduction, in which the author explains the foundations of geography, such as determining longitude and latitude, calculating distances, and describing the seven regions. Description of the regions, where Abu al-Fida dedicates a large part of his book to describing the seven regions known at that time, starting from the western regions (such as Morocco and Al-Andalus) to the eastern regions (such as India and China). Description of cities and countries, where each city and country is described accurately, mentioning its geographical location, main landmarks, history, and relations with neighboring countries. The importance of the book lies in several aspects: comprehensive material, covering a very wide geographical area, making it a valuable source for historians and researchers. Methodological accuracy, as Abu al-Fida relied on trustworthy sources from previous geography books, in addition to information gathered from travelers and traders. Historical value, as the book not only covers geography but also contains valuable historical information about the cities and nations it describes. In short, "Taqwim al-Buldan" is a scientific masterpiece reflecting the great advancement achieved by Arabs and Muslims in the field of geography, and it is an indispensable book for anyone interested in the history and geography of the Islamic world.