The urban development of Mecca Al-Mukarramah from the conquest until the middle of the fourth Hijri century

The urban development of Mecca Al-Mukarramah from the conquest until the middle of the fourth Hijri century. There is no doubt that studying the urban development of Mecca Al-Mukarramah represents a fundamental basis for clarifying many of the changes that occurred after the appearance of Islam, and the development and prosperity that included various human and material activities in this sacred city. This study revealed the efforts and major urban projects undertaken by the Muslim caliphs in Mecca, out of their keenness to provide the highest levels of security and comfort for the visitors of the House of Allah, which had the greatest impact on the urban development witnessed by the holy city, whether in terms of planning, urban expansion, trade prosperity, or the increase in the number of residents and visitors. It is worth noting that the urban development that Mecca experienced after the appearance of Islam was closely linked to the significant increase in the number of pilgrims, Umrah performers, and residents, as well as the expansion of industrial and commercial activities, and the expansions made to the Holy Mosque, which had the greatest impact on changing the population distribution and spreading urban growth.