The Caliphs of the sects

These are translated chapters from the book of the scholar orientalist Duzí, and we preferred to translate them into Arabic to clarify the perspective of a great European scholar, and although they sometimes conflict with our opinions in some aspects, they are worth reading with great care, for not everything we dislike from opinions deserves to be dismissed and ignored. And if the scholar Fakhr al-Din al-Razi says in his introduction to the explanation of the "Signs" of Ibn Sina: "Report is not reply, and interpretation is not critique," then we are more deserving to say in our turn: "And translation is also not critique," so I limited myself to conveying the opinions of that orientalist without discussion or comment except what the context requires to clarify what I believe most readers need.