A study in the sociology of Islam or a study of the social history of Islam | Ali Al-Wardi

Any religion that appears initially as rejection or reaction against a specific phenomenon in society and changes in theory and practice according to the changes in its worldly growth, successes, failures, and the nature of the people who dominate it, and other similar matters. The main axis of this study is what al-Wardi calls "the dilemma of Islam," which he describes as the conflict between the ideal and the realistic in Islam, which developed into the Sunni-Shia conflict — noting that he uses the words "ideal" and "realistic" in their common sense and does not intend the philosophical meaning. He sees that Sunnis represent the realistic side, while Shia was an idealist doctrine. The idea is similar to what Ahmed Abbas Saleh presented in his book "The Right and the Left in Islam," with differences and variations in the approaches.